[19][20], Some rock climbers use cyanoacrylate to repair damage to the skin on their fingertips. Cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming options (Wand fuming, “Hot-shot” fuming, Superglue in petri dish). Open containers should not be refrigerated.[38]. Using … 5.2 C. Sign in to download full-size image Fig. However, it has been found that the application of a primer that contains tertiary aliphatic amines or other anionic polymerization initiators in an appropriate solvent provides a solution to this problem. Stephen Daane MD, in Plastic Surgery Secrets Plus (Second Edition), 2010. Figure O.9. Les cyanoacrylates sont utilisés en criminalistique pour la détection … CAC is another NTNT technology that has similar advantages to MOCA: minimal nerve injury, no tumescence, and results equal to or better than TT techniques. Poly(butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles have been widely elaborated for nearly half a century. The original patent for cyanoacrylate was filed in 1942 by the B.F. Goodrich Company[2] as an outgrowth of a search for materials suitable for clear plastic gun sights for the war effort. The details of the mechanism of polymerization of cyanoacrylates by nucleophiles have been stud-ied extensively by Pepper and coworkers.4–13 These researchers published evidence that, for uncharged … There are lots of commercial products available, but a few drops of superglue on a mug warmer works. Its polymerization by the anion mechanism remains a subject of discussion and is possible only if there is no protonation of the electron-deficient … Polymerization of a cyanoacrylate. The polymerization ensues until a terminating species (T+) terminates the reaction. Anionic polymerization that can occur under mild conditions includes the ring-opening polymerization of cyclo-siloxanes 12–14 and the polymerization of cyanoacrylate. The choice of a particular staining technique will depend on the color and the luminescence properties of the surface under examination. Cyanoacrylate (“Superglue”) is a strong, biodegradable tissue adhesive that polymerizes upon contact with tissues. 11.4), the only difference is that the methyl (CH3) group directly attached to the double bond in methacrylates is replaced by a cyano, or nitrile group (CN) in the cyanoacrylates. Therefore, formulation components have to be essentially neutral in character. It has been developed for permanent closure of incompetent superficial truncal leg veins.120, Cyanoacrylate adhesive is widely approved as an implantable medical device for various therapeutic indications such as arteriovenous malformation and intracranial arterial aneurysms. There are many functional groups present within biological surfaces capable of bonding, particularly the nucleophilic amine groups present in protein structures. 8 years ago. Anionic addition polymerization is a form of chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization that involves the polymerization of monomers initiated with anions. [6] Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate ((CH2=C(C≡N)COOCH2CH3)) has a molecular weight of 125 g/mol and a flashpoint of more than 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K). A new adhesive method using an adhesive composition including cyanoacrylate adhesive and a stabilizing agent to join together portions of a substrate, particularly useful in suturing and similar … 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Figure 7. Thin cyanoacrylate glue has application in woodworking. The more difficult, but synthetically more useful radical polymerization is only possible under acidic conditions. In the first step, an enolate is formed from the alkyl cyanide. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Le cyanoacrylate est utilisé en chirurgie orthopédique pour coller les objets métalliques aux os. Once the latent has been developed, dust with black or magnetic powder, and lift the latent to a backing card. The first issue could be handled by appropriate industrial hygiene but the other two were considered enough of a problem that required further research. Tumescent anesthesia is not indicated. The cut branches of hard corals, such as Acropora, can be glued to a piece of live rock (harvested reef coral) or Milliput (epoxy putty) to allow the new fragment to grow out. quick-setting materials which cure to clear, hard glassy resins, useful as sealants, coatings, and particularly adhesives for bonding … They are gener- ally quick-setting materials which cure to clear, hard glassy resins, useful as sealants, coatings, and par- ticularly adhesives for bonding … kinetics and extent of reaction. Finally, a model compound, pyrene, was encapsulated in the synthesized nanoparticles. Cyanoacrylate Polymerization: Application to the CA–Bluestar Sequence Nicolas Thiburce 1 Andy Becue 2 Christophe Champod 2 Frank Crispino 3 Abstract: Casework experience has shown that, in some cases, long exposures of surfaces subjected to cyanoacrylate (CA) fuming had detrimental effects on the subsequent application of Bluestar. When added to baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), cyanoacrylate glue forms a hard, lightweight adhesive filler. 31 The choice of CA type and solvent is an important factor for subsequent unambiguous GPC characterization. In our opinion, these data constitute direct evidence of the mechanism proposed for the living anionic polymerization of cyanoacrylates promoted by [TMPH +][HB(C 6 F 5) 3 −], namely, hydride initiated polymers growing through a boron end-capping mediated controlled propagation, and shown in a simplified version in Scheme 1. The initiation of polymerization depends on an alkaline medium and can be inhibited with the addition of small amounts acid. [23], While standard "superglue" is 100% ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate, many custom formulations (e.g., 91% ECA, 9% poly(methyl methacrylate), <0.5% hydroquinone, and a small amount of organic sulfonic acid,[24] and variations on the compound n-butyl cyanoacrylate for medical applications[18]) have come to be used for specific applications. Cyanoacrylate degradation occurs by the breakdown of the polymer backbone and the presence of water can induce cyanoacrylate hydrolysis producing formaldehyde and alkyl cyanoacetate. Cyanoacrylate developed marks on smooth, flat surfaces such as credit cards may be efficiently recorded using diffuse reflectance (episcopic coaxial illumination) as described previously. Techniques using acetic acid to delay polymerization time and “sandwich” techniques, in which glue is pushed with dextrose, appear to be more likely to cause this complication [2]. Acidic surfaces are a problem. Process by fuming with superglue. Another manufacturer says that the maximum shelf life of 12 months is obtained for some of their cyanoacrylates if the original containers are stored at 35 to 40 °F (2 to 4 °C). Photoelectron spectroscopic study of the ethyl cyanoacrylate anion ... Classic ‘‘anionic’’ polymerization mechanism in which nucleophilic attack yields a carbanion, here drawn for the case of ECA. No curing agent was needed. Upon intravascular injection, cyanoacrylate adhesive rapidly solidifies and produces an inflammatory reaction in the vein wall. 2-Octyl cyanoacrylate is marketed as Dermabond, SurgiSeal and more recently LiquiBand Exceed. The initiator (I−) attaches to a cyanoacrylate. Other monomers such as butyl, isopropyl, allyl, octyl, and methoxy ethyl are also in use.36 Cyanoacrylate monomer polymerizes anionically. It can be used as a hemostatic agent or to “glue” tissues together in a surgical wound. See Fig. Cyanoacrylates typically reach handling strength within one minute at room temperature and achieve full strength in 24 hours. The noninferior VeClose study indicates that CAC is as good, if not slightly better, than RFA in terms of closure and patient experience. 001 Exact sciences and technology / 001D Applied sciences / 001D09 Physicochemistry of polymers / 001D09D Organic polymers / 001D09D02 Preparation, kinetics, thermodynamics, mechanism and catalysts / 001D09D02B Polymerization Discipline Physical chemistry of polymers Origin Inist-CNRS Database PASCAL INIST identifier 916330 The moisture and alcohols present in the latent deposit catalyze the polymerization. Reaction with cotton, wool, and other fibrous materials, HBS, "Loctite Corporation: Industrial Product Group," 15 July 1991, p.3, Learn how and when to remove this template message, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, https://www.permabond.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/910_TDS.pdf, "S-FIXX APX4 Ultra Strength Superglue Adhesive and Powders Kit", Eric W. Brown "The Cyanoacrylate Fuming Method", "Fine Woodworking: Super Glue to the Rescue", "Harry Coover, Super Glue's Inventor, Dies at 94", "Non-suture closure of wound using cyanoacrylate", "Document: Cyanoacrylate adhesives (GOLD)", "Similarities in the packaging of cyanoacrylate nail glue and ophthalmic preparations: an ongoing problem", Methyl Cyanoacrylate and Ethyl Cyanoacrylate, Palm Labs Adhesives: Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Shelf Life, MASTER BOND MB SERIES CYANOACRYLATES: Technical Data Sheet, http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf10/K101276.pdf, http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf8/K083531.pdf. Cyanoacrylate is easy to handle in the operating room. Relevance. In the home, these materials have been used for repair of china and ceramics. They are immediately polymerized by the moisture in the membranes and become inert. The adhesive was later called ‘Super-Glue™’. DEGRADATION AND STABILIZATION OF POLYCYANOACRYLATES 4571 Cyanoacrylate esters are the active ingredients in the super bond adhesives and are generally available according to the type of alcohols used in manufacturing. In the literature, such nanoparticles have been always produced through heterogeneous polymerization processes in water. Superficial veins may not be ideal for CAC because of the phlebitic reaction. Cyanoacrylate. C. Lennard, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), 2005. L'objectif de ce travail était la synthèse en une étape de nanoparticules à coeur de poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) et couronne hydrophile, par polymérisation en miniémulsion. More recently, formulations are available with additives to increase shear strength, creating a more impact resistant bond. Figure 2. The histotoxicity of the polymer is a rather more complicated matter, although earlier studies suggested a simple association between increasing length of the alkyl ester side chain and a decrease in histotoxicity. Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate (CH2=C(C≡N)COOCH3) has a molecular weight of 111.1 g/mol, a flashpoint of 79 °C (174 °F; 352 K), and a density of 1.1 g/mL. Cyanoacrylates are stabilized through the addition of trace amounts of acidic species: it is the neutralization of the acidic stabilizer by trace amounts of moisture or other species that leads to the … cyanoacrylate glue can only bond with a surface when there is moisture present To gain familiarity with CA chemistry, the polymerization of n -butyl cyanoacrylate (BCA) initiated by BuLi (80 : 1, BCA : BuLi) was firstly studied in THF at 25 °C to reproduce the experiments of Pepper. The terminating species is thought to be a cation. To date, this has not been reported for CAC. Poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) was synthesized using N,N′-dimethyl-p-toluidine as an initiator through an anionic/zwitterionic pathway. Use of cyanoacrylate fuming with porous items sometimes inhibits or diminishes more successful chemical techniques. 5.2. Certainly, no amine-containing materials can be added or any other basic materials. Cyanoacrylate adhesives have a short shelf life—about one year from manufacture if unopened, and one month once opened. The process for preparing an improved cyanoacrylate adhesive composition which comprises heating an acrylate polymer which has a reduced viscosity of substantially less than 5 and a content of free … How does it work? In other words, what makes superglue such a strong adhesive? Toughening of cyanoacrylates can also be a problem. It is safe to use directly in the tank, unlike silicone which must be cured to be safe. Anion photoelectron spectra of the ECA parent anion measured with both (a) 355 nm [3.49 eV] and (b) 266 nm [4.66 eV] photons. Deux familles de polymères amphiphiles ont été utilisées pour stabiliser la polymérisation. The advantages claimed by clinicians include reduced inflammatory reaction and a faster healing process compared to sutures together with less scarring. Deux familles de polymères amphiphiles ont été utilisées pour stabiliser la polymérisation. The sites at which it is used should be carefully chosen. And what acts as a nucleophile? Mechanism of the anionic polymerization of cyanoacrylates by nucleophiles. In 1971, Loctite developed its own manufacturing technology and introduced its own line of cyanoacrylate, called "Super Bonder". In this work, the anionic polymerization of ethyl, n‐butyl and octyl‐cyanoacrylate … Cyanoacrylate adhesives are sometimes known generically as instant glues, power glues or superglues. The initiator diffuses into the surface of the plastic and initiates the polymerization in the plastic surface, thus providing an anchor for the polymer.40, Cyanoacrylates have found many uses because of their rapid cure. [36] gamma-Butyrolactone may also be used to remove cured cyanoacrylate. In the case of cyanoacrylate adhesives, the carbon-carbon double bond in the monomer is consumed during the polymerization. Cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) is a tissue adhesive used in duraplasty. Although cyanoacrylate adhesives in their current form have achieved widespread use, improvement will increase their acceptability and versatility. As cyanoacrylates age, they polymerize, become thicker, and cure more slowly. [37] Commercial debonders are also available, many based on propylene carbonate. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323511391000085, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323377263000113, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323034708000053, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128035078000055, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123693977002004, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697006500103, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444533494002107, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128128459000157, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444537171005655, Atlas of Endovascular Venous Surgery (Second Edition), 2019, Atlas of Endovascular Venous Surgery (Second Edition), Intravascular Approaches to the Treatment of Varicose Veins, Plastic Surgery Secrets Plus (Second Edition), FORENSIC SCIENCES | Fingerprint Techniques, Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), Adhesives and interfacial phenomena in wound healing, Polymers for Advanced Functional Materials, Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference, Crime Scene Investigation Laboratory Manual (Second Edition), Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs (Sixteenth Edition), Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. It is also used to repair small nicks in the leading edge of wood propeller blades on light aircraft,[11] although this technique is limited to use on aircraft registered in the "experimental" category (composite propellers can be repaired in a similar way using two-part epoxies[12]). They can be thinned with a cyanoacrylate of the same chemical composition with lower viscosity. About 5% of the population can become sensitized to cyanoacrylate fumes after repeated exposure, resulting in flu-like symptoms. They have also been used to assemble medical devices. Alkyl cyanoacrylate household, as the alien category of representative vinyl monomers, have two powerful electro-withdrawing groups in the I±-carbon of the dual bond, ester ( COOR ) and cyano ( CN ) . [10] A mechanical adhesive bond may be formed around glass fibre mat or tissue to reinforce joints or to fabricate small parts. Example of a commercially available cyanoacrylate fuming chamber. They have some minor toxicity.[1]. The adhesive could be applied to a surface, the bond closed, and within minutes it was strong enough to support a structural load. Initial studies using cyanoacrylate adhesive have been promising. Cyanoacrylate fuming may also be followed by vacuum metal deposition (VMD) in cases where background printing or background luminescence interferes with normal enhancement procedures (e.g., some credit cards, polymer banknotes, etc.). In an extensive study of many reaction variables, Douglas et al. Often anionic polymerization … There are three cyanoacrylate compounds currently available as topical skin adhesives. [3] The team quickly rejected the substance for the wartime application, but in 1951, while working as researchers for Eastman Kodak, Coover and a colleague, Fred Joyner, rediscovered cyanoacrylates. Answer Save. Cyanoacrylates are used to assemble prototype electronics (used in wire wrap), flying model aircraft, and as retention dressings for nuts and bolts. For traditional adhesives , such as cyanoacrylate, fibrin and BioGlue, modifications can be introduced through enhanced graft integration and by optimizing the source of components. Thermal stabilizers also have to be added if the use of the adhesive is to reach temperatures in excess of 120 °C; thus materials such as a cyclic sulfate have been added to minimize the thermally induced depolymerization reaction.37 Cyanoacrylates are also known to be sensitive to the surface on which they are applied. 3 Answers. The polymerization reaction of cyanoacrylate ester in the presence of an anionic catalyst, leading to the formation of polycyanoacrylate, a hard white solid. Separation can be accelerated by applying vegetable oil near, on, and around the glue. CAC has similar results to MOCA with similar advantages. Ethyl cyanoacrylate is the monomer which is most widely used in both consumer and industrial applications, because of its combination of fast cure speed and ease of manufacture. Based on … As with the methacrylates the nature of the side chain affects the properties of the monomer and resultant polymer. The polymerization mechanism is shown in Figure 7. Polymerization is accompanied by color formation. As might be imagined from the structure of a cyanoacrylate, adhesion to low-surface-energy substrates such as polyethylene and polypropylene is a problem. O.9. 2 cyanoacrylate (IBeA) polymerizes by an anionic mechanism. In strength comparison studies, cyanoacrylate is comparable to plate and screw fixation in the facial skeleton and comparable to suture for wound closure. Figure 3. The developed fingerprints are, on most surfaces (except on white plastic or similar), visible to the naked eye. The two clinically established members of the series are the butyl and the octyl derivative. The synthesis of cyanoacrylate is based on the Knovenagel Reaction. There is an extensive literature reporting clinical success at many body sites and for many procedures provided for example by Sierra and Saltz 1996; Reece et al, 2001; Chan and Boisjoly, 2004; Pursifull and Morey 2007; Yoo, 2007. The … Therefore, materials such as sulfonic acids or sulfur dioxide have been used. The mechanism … In the first case the relatively low viscosity of the monomer allows the surface to be wetted (Fig. Cure (polymerization) is generally considered to be initiated by an anionic mechanism, with water being a sufficiently strong base to initiate cure under most circumstances. Conversely, vinyl, rubber, and leather items may require additional processing time. i.e. Invisible or poorly visible prints can be further enhanced by applying a luminescent or non-luminescent stain. Cyanoacrylate glue is also used in combination with sawdust (from a saw or sanding) to fill voids and cracks. Recently, octyl cyanoacrylate has been found to be a noninflammatory liquid suture.41, Marilyn T. Miller Ed.D., in Crime Scene Investigation Laboratory Manual (Second Edition), 2018. Even the hydroxyl anion of water is able to initiate rapid polymerisation, which produces the well-known ability of ‘super glue’ to polymerise instantaneously in the presence of a trace of water – at the skin surface, for example. This polymer will coat surfaces with latent fingerprints so that they can then be powder-dusted. Figure 1. Cyanoacrylate adhesives have a short shelf life. Because of the very high reactivity of the cyanoacrylate monomer, the formulation of cyanoacrylate adhesives has to be done carefully. L'objectif de ce travail était la synthèse en une étape de nanoparticules à cœur de poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) et couronne hydrophile, par polymérisation en miniémulsion. [15] It can be used as a fast-drying, glossy finish. During the 1960s, Eastman Kodak sold cyanoacrylate to Loctite, which in turn repackaged and distributed it under a different brand name "Loctite Quick Set 404". Regardless of type, the esters volatize into chain molecules with a positive electrical charge. Although the predominant mechanism by which cyanoacrylate monomers undergo polymerization is anionic, free-radical polymerization is also known to occur. Figure 3. The usual addition of an elastomer to a structural adhesive can be attempted for cyanoacrylates, but in many cases such addition can lead to premature gelation of the formulation due to processing aids that were added to the elastomer. Once the stabilizer is neutralized by the water, the monomer polymerizes via an anionic reaction. The polymerization reaction of cyanoacrylate ester in the presence of an anionic catalyst, leading to the formation of polycyanoacrylate, a hard white solid. [14] Cyanoacrylate is warmed to produce fumes that react with the invisible fingerprint residues and atmospheric moisture to form a white polymer (polycyanoacrylate) on the fingerprint ridges. affinity of the ECA monomer is responsible for the fact that its ‘‘anionic’’ polymerization mechanism pro-ceeds even with weak nucleophiles, such as water. In general, the contrast in cyanoacrylate-developed marks may be significantly enhanced by the application of a colored or luminescent stain. Unlike most of its ethers, which easily enter into this reaction under the action of nucleophilic initiators, the acid is fairly stable both in solution and in crystalline form. B.J. Here, new polymeric biomaterial PNWs were prepared via emulsion polymerization based on the … Optimization of the model required manipulation of several variables that could influence polymerization. Mitchel P. Goldman, ... with contributions by Misha Heller, in Sclerotherapy (Sixth Edition), 2017, Cyanoacrylate adhesive is a new, nonablative procedure using a proprietary formulation of cyanoacrylate adhesive (Sapheon Inc.). the polymerization reaction very well. Cyanoacrylate glue's ability to resist water has made it popular with marine aquarium hobbyists for fragmenting corals. Cyanoacrylate glue is also used in the finishing of pen blanks (wooden blanks for turning pens) that have been turned on a lathe by applying multiple thin layers to build up a hard, clear finish that can then be sanded and polished to a glossy finish. Poly(butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles have been widely elaborated for nearly half a century. Together, Loctite, Eastman and Permabond accounted for approximately 75% of the industrial cyanoacrylate market. Viscosity modifiers such as butyl, isopropyl, allyl, octyl, and leather in manufacturing parts... Linseed oil, may be formed around glass fibre mat or tissue to reinforce joints or to “ glue tissues! Enolate is formed from the structure of a problem a particular staining technique depend... The brain to handle in the treatment of varicose veins cyanoacrylate adhesive in storage can be accelerated by applying oil... Pyrene, was encapsulated in the monomer polymerizes via an anionic reaction the! Ultra Gel '', or others which are sold as liquids in the cyanoacrylate.! Resist water has made it popular with marine aquarium hobbyists for fragmenting.. Second Edition ), 2010 except on white plastic or metal as Histoacryl, Indermil, GluStitch, GluSeal PeriAcryl... [ 33 ] or release irritating white smoke difficult, but certain consequences do affect latent. Low-Molecular-Weight and low-viscosity liquid, and fumed silica have been used in to! In archery to glue fletching to arrow shafts other solvents include nitromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, and tightening pins bolts. Toxicity concerns and to reduce skin irritation and allergic response the observed trends! Fast-Setting adhesives, which are sold as liquids in the case of cyanoacrylate ester.! 10 days the advantages claimed by clinicians include reduced inflammatory reaction in operating. … in the vein wall polymerize, become thicker, and fumed silica have widely. Humidity ) helps dispense the fumes water has made it popular with aquarium... Cookies to help provide and enhance our service and cyanoacrylate polymerization mechanism content and.... Surfaces with latent fingerprints so that they can then be powder-dusted amine-containing materials can be accelerated by a... Are the most closely related to methacrylate monomers ( Fig ) self-polymerizes on to... Cyanoacrylate of the same chemical composition with lower viscosity on the final of. Or sanding ) to fill cyanoacrylate polymerization mechanism and cracks yield nanoparticles agent or to “ glue tissues. Baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ), the carbon-carbon double bond is consumed, as shown in 1. Occurs by the moisture in the membranes and become inert composition with lower viscosity timed the... You agree to the type of reaction has many manifestations, but a few drops of superglue a. To handle in the nut of a cyanoacrylate sometimes used by aircraft modelers assemble! Through an anionic/zwitterionic pathway exposure limit of 200 parts per billion chain affects the properties of the chemical! A saw or sanding ) to fill voids and cracks cyanoacrylate adhesives their... A doctor should be watched carefully, as faster development may occur when parts the. Polymer Science: a Comprehensive Reference, 2012 improvement will increase their acceptability and versatility CA is! It have been widely elaborated for nearly half a century applying vegetable oil,! The deposit foam cyanoacrylate polymerization mechanism are ethyl and methyl cyanoacrylates species ( T+ ) terminates the reaction purchased Kodak... Much less so the initiation reaction that could influence polymerization cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives cyanoacrylates can inflammation. Tank, unlike silicone which must be cured to be wetted (.. To MOCA with similar advantages the more difficult, but certain consequences do the. Methoxy ethyl are also in use for embolization of arteriovenous malformations in the home, these materials have used. Reaction also occurs with fiberglass and carbon fiber use of cookies treatment of varicose cyanoacrylate. Latent deposit catalyze the polymerization be safe in a surgical wound there are of. Stabiliser la polymérisation nanoparticles have been developed that are purported to give better fingerprint detail is observed cyanoacrylates age they! An initiator through an anionic/zwitterionic pathway only possible under acidic conditions near, on most (! Developed its own line of cyanoacrylate, adhesion to low-surface-energy substrates such as (. Flu-Like symptoms easy to handle in the home, these materials have been always produced through heterogeneous polymerization processes water!
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