the ideological basis of the constitution of prc is

The essence of Marxism is change, [...]. In short, in our times, loving the Chinese Communist Party is the highest expression of Chinese patriotism. "[4], In the article "Revolutionary Ideals are Higher than Heaven-Studying" (published in 2013), a person writing under the pen name "Autumn Stone", supports CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping's policy of strengthening the ideological conviction of party cadres, since (as the Leninist mantra goes) ideological unity leads to party unity. [20] The CCP followed his line, and at the 12th National Congress, the party constitution was amended, stating that the private economy was a "needed complement to the socialist economy". On March 11, 2018, China amended its constitution for the first time in 14 years, overturning key constitutional reforms adopted under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping. [23] The resolution separated Mao the person from Mao Zedong Thought, claiming that Mao had contravened Mao Zedong Thought during his rule. not all of his views were wrong), and that without Mao there would have been no new China. Xi Jinping Thought, the Chinese leader’s political philosophy, will soon be enshrined in the Constitution. "[65] The Chinese system is based on Marx's own writings, who write in The Civil War in France that "Communes shall not have a parliamentary form, and shall be organs combining executive and legislative work at the same time. "[82] The impact of this was in two key areas: the introduction of Marxist terms such as proletariat, bourgeoisie, petit bourgeoisie, capitalist to denote class, for Mao's emphasis class struggle in Chinese society, and the creation of the party-state. [83] When Mao died, the Four Modernizations replaced class struggle as the Party's key objective. "[81], Throughout the 20th century, ideology served two functions: first, to achieve the modernization of China, and second, to provide unity where there was fragmentation and struggle. [65] Yang notes that "constitutional governance asserts that power lies in the people, and implements a parliamentary democratic political system. People’s Republic of China (PRC).8 It goes on to tell how the Chinese people have taken state power and become masters of the country.9 The basic task of the nation is to concentrate its effort on socialist modernization along the road of Chinese style socialism.10 The preamble of the Chinese constitution was amended in 1993. "[13] He further noted that Marxism in general "like any science, needs to change as time and circumstances advance. xref It defined the nature of the PRC as a ‘People’s democratic country led by the working class on the basis of Answer: Ideological aspects of the constitution not only limited within the hope for a better society, but it can broadly describe the exiting inequalities in society for its people and sketch the progress in future. [52] This concept is generally considered to be Hu Jintao's contribution to the official ideological discourse. [...] their theory that capitalism is the ultimate has been shaken, and socialist development has experienced a miracle. In creating, on the basis of ideological out- look, the political infrastructures and institutions that are the foundation of society, the righteous will assume the responsibility of governing and administering the country (in accordance with the Qur'anic verse "Verily My … The legal system of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is defined by the government as a “socialist legal system.” Despite the official definition, however, China’s legal system is based primarily on the model of Civil Law. The Communist Party of China uses Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as its guides to action. He said, "A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Each constitution mirrored the ideological concerns and policy priorities of the time, although there was fundamentally no change in the government structure. [23] Su Shaozi, a party theoretician and the head of the Institute of Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought, argued that the CCP needed to reassess the New Economic Policy introduced by Vladimir Lenin and ended by Stalin, as well as Stalin's industrialization policies and the prominent role he gave to class struggle. ... which forms the basis of the economic or political system. (Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress and promulgated for implementation by the Announcement of the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982. [106] Before the reform efforts, capitalism and socialism were believed to be part of a sequential relationship, with the latter developing from the former. [66] The use of qualifiers in front of the word of democracy is important as to highlight the class nature of the different forms of democracy Wang contends, and concludes that "One sort of pure democracy, common democracy or 'universal democracy' that all of humanity identifies with has never existed in human societies". In other words, we must integrate the universal theory of Marxism–Leninism with China's specific conditions. In 1957, 1978, and 1982, the Chinese government adopted three new constitutions. [101] In addition he believed that China, since 1957, had been unable "to figure out what socialism is and how to build it". [33] He believed that by following the "Ten Major Relationships", an article by Mao on how to proceed with socialist construction, the CCP could remain on the socialist road while also supporting private property. Therefore the political revolution had to start by criticizing religion. [111] According to Ye Xiaowen, the former Director of the State Administration for Religious Affairs, "In its infancy, the socialist movement was critical of religion. [59] They insist that socialism, on the basis of historical materialism, will eventually triumph over capitalism. The executive bodies responsible for enacting laws are the State Council and the Standing Committee. [29] Two years earlier, Su had tried to internationalize the term "primary stage of socialism" by claiming that socialism contained three different production phases. He used his travels to reassert his economic policy ideas after his retirement from office. [88] The CCP, shortly after seizing power, defined three levels of socialist patriotism. [69] It was through this concept that the CCP called for "balanced development". [61] This event will occur through capitalism's own contradictions. The continuation of "comprehensive deepening of reforms". [17] Some have dismissed the concept of a primary stage of socialism as intellectual cynicism. [60] Because of this there is considerable optimism within the CCP that despite the current capitalist dominance of globalization, globalization can be turned into a vehicle supporting socialism. These ideological syntheses led to the emergence of the famous Great Leap Forward movement and the Cultural Revolution. [65] The NPC (or the SC), are responsible for supervising the implementation of the constitution, and judicial organs are granted judicial independence (through their respective people's congresses). "[65] In the people's democratic system, the courts are both responsible to and supervised by the people's congresses. [38] Indeed, when the 7th plenum of the 13th Central Committee did in fact convene, nothing notable took place, with both sides trying not to widen the ideological gap even further. [106] A less traditional view was that capitalism had proven it had a "greater capacity for creating human civilization" than Marx expected, which indirectly meant that socialism could learn from capitalism. The electronic text was acquired from the The Wiretap Electronic Text Archive and was marked up for Web display by Steve Mount.If you are aware of any changes to the Constitution that are not reflected on this page, please let us know. [34] Chen Yun conceived of the bird-cage theory, where the bird represents the free market and the cage represents a central plan. It was from this perspective that Marx said 'religion is the opium of the people'. They therefore believe that their party ideology must be dynamic to safeguard the party's rule, unlike the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, whose ideology became "rigid, unimaginative, ossified, and disconnected from reality. endstream endobj 286 0 obj <>/Size 275/Type/XRef>>stream And there is not an abundance of products. The Constitution of the PRC was first promulgated in 1954. "Improving people's livelihood and well-being is the primary goal of development". [88] It commits people to a non-nationalistic form of devotion to one's country. [30] Lastly, during the primary stage of socialism, planning would no longer be the primary means of organization of the economy. Constitutional law. [104] Su, coauthoring with Feng Langrui, published an article in Economic Research (Chinese: Jingji yanju) in 1979 which called into question the Chinese socialist project by using Marxist methodology. It binds all, including the Communist Party. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity". [90] Chinese nationalism under Mao was defined as "anti-imperialist" and "anti-feudal" in principle. Chen proposed that a balance should be found between "setting the bird free" and choking the bird with a central plan that was too restrictive. [55], Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era consists of a 14-point basic policy, as follows:[56][57], — Xi Jinping, the CCP General Secretary, on the inevitability of socialism. [43] Because of this, more and more leading members of the central party leadership converted to Deng's position, amongst them Jiang Zemin. (Art. [106] The official reconception of the two terms were sanctioned in the Political Report to the 13th National Congress. For instance, the 1949 revolution created the first constitution of the PRC in 1954. [8], — Ye Xiaowen on the role of Marxist thought. creation and enforcement, but their ideological commitment to the welfare of the people has been consistent. The production forces are still not highly developed. "[5] Adhering to the ideals and convictions of the party creates a link between the party and the masses, and will let the party "gain victories wherever" it goes. x�b```b``�a`������� %%EOF [6] In his speech, entitled "Resolution on Major Issues Concerning the Building of a Socialist Harmonious Society", to the 16th Plenary Session Hu Jintao stated;[7], The guiding ideology of Marxism, the common ideal of the socialism with Chinese characteristics, the national spirit with patriotism as the core, the spirit of the times with reform and innovation as the core, and the socialist concept of honour and disgrace constitute the basic contents of the socialist core values system. [118], I am a Marxist. [2] Before the "Practice Is the Sole Criterion for the Truth" campaign, the relationship between ideology and decision-making was a deductive one, meaning that policy-making was derived from ideological knowledge. [22] With the words "new historical conditions", the CCP had in fact made it possible to view the old, Maoist ideology as obsolete (or at least certain tenets). [19] In 1987, the Beijing Review stated that the achievements of socialism were "evaluated according to the level of the productive forces". 2) In fact,ideological cultivation is further stressed: "State organization and state personnel must earnestly study Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung Thought". "[11], While analysts generally agree that the CCP has rejected orthodox Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought (or at least basic thoughts within orthodox thinking), the CCP itself disagrees. The following is the complete text of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, as adopted on December 4, 1982. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China is the highest law within China. The fourth constitution (currently in force) was a culmination of the lessons learnt during the Cultural Revolution. "[87] According to the CCP, the "people are the force for creating history", and for the CCP to accomplish its task of modernization, it cannot become alienated from the people;[87] it must creatively adapt theory and pursue strategic, sound policies. [10] Lenin's biggest achievement came in party-building, through concepts such as the vanguard party of the working class and democratic centralism. The ideology of the Chinese Communist Party has undergone dramatic changes throughout the years, especially during Deng Xiaoping's leadership and now Xi Jinping's leadership. Constitution as the Supreme Law: The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal authority. The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation. [93] By 1983, the party had concluded that "among patriotism, collectivism, socialism, and communism, patriotism has peculiar features and functions. The overall focus will mainly be on the legal issues concerning rights-protection and constitutional development. (Art. "[93] According to official pronouncements, the CCP was the best representative of the nation, communists were the most devoted patriots, and socialism the only viable road for China to become "a great nation". [4] Lastly, Chinese policy-makers believe that one of the reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union was its stagnant state ideology. [65] Since it was established by the CCP, and given its role in the victory against the Kuomintang, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) is unique and should be treated as such. The PRC is presently in its fourth constitution, adopted in 1982 with revisions every five years. (Art. [70], — Article 25 of the state constitution. [83] From the outside world these changes may seem odd: a society which looks more capitalist by the day is still ruled by a Party that claims "fidelity to socialism". [17] According to Robert Lawrence Kuhn, a China analyst, "When I first heard this rationale, I thought it more comic than clever—a wry caricature of hack propagandists leaked by intellectual cynics. [83] Ideological change led to factional strife, with many leading members of the party calling for a return to the classical socialist model of development. [59] His writings on the subject are used to justify the CCP's market reforms, since nations, according to Marx, have little choice in the matter of joining or not. [43] The tour proved that amongst the party's grassroots organizations, support for reform and opening up was firm. [72] "Socialist civilization" was to replace class struggle as the main engine of progress, a worldview seen as more harmonious and cooperative. [109] During Mao's rule, religious movements were oppressed, and religious organizations were forbidden to have contact with foreigners. [29] Because China was in the primary stage of socialism, Zhao argued that in "[China] for a long time to come, we shall develop various sectors of the economy, always ensuring the dominant position of the public sector". [91] Believing that purer communist concepts such as class struggle and the like could not bring people together as they had done under Mao, his regime gave patriotism a larger role. [17], While it has been argued by Westerners that the reforms introduced by the CCP under Deng were a rejection of the party's Marxist heritage and ideology, the CCP does not view it as such. [37] The draft for the 8th Five-Year Plan, supervised by Premier Li Peng and Deputy Premier Yao Yilin, openly endorsed Chen Yun's economic view that planning should be primary, coupled with slow, balanced growth. 0000002367 00000 n We should persist in integrating the socialist core values system into the entire process of national education and the building of a spiritual civilization and having it run through the various aspect of the modernization drive. [80] According to Lie Zhongjie, the Deputy Director of the Central Research Office, "the outcome of building 'society' in a general sense ... is 'social civilization' ... it is a social civilization in the broad sense, transcending the [other] three civilizations". [69] The concept first developed during the early 1980s from classical Marxist thought. Is the motherland something abstract? [5] Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the core spiritual values of members have become more important than ever, considering the restrengthened position of world capitalism. 2, 16) [60], Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system, the party's leaders and theorists argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist,[60] the reason being that, if globalization were purely capitalist, it would exclude an alternate socialist form of modernity. [65] Yang claims that the introduction of constitutionalism in any form would lead to the fall of the CCP, and even claims that socialist constitutionalism of the Soviet Union and the former socialist states was a main factor contributing to their downfall. "[13] Certain groups argue that Jiang Zemin ended the CCP's formal commitment to Marxism with the introduction of the ideological theory, the Three Represents. 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